Water consumption and gastrointestinal diseases in urban dwellers in the central highlands of Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53684/csp.v5i2.143Keywords:
Consumo público de agua; Consumo poblacional de agua; Enfermedades gastrointestinales; Calidad del agua; Hábitos; Equidad en el Acceso al Agua (Fuente: DeCS).Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the relationship between water consumption and gastrointestinal diseases among residents of the “23 de agosto” association, Ambo 2025. Methods: qualitative, correlational, non-experimental, cross-sectional study. The population consisted of 300 residents from the “23 de agosto” community, with a probabilistic sample of 169 participants. A validated structured questionnaire (expert judgment, KR-20 = 0.82) was applied. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: A significant relationship was found between water consumption and gastrointestinal diseases (p = 0.001). Significant associations were also identified for habits (p = 0.001), water quality (p = 0.003), access (p = 0.002), type of disease (p = 0.002), and duration of illness (p = 0.001). 27.8% of residents showed high risk related to water consumption and 42.0% high risk for gastrointestinal diseases. Conclusions: There is a statistically significant relationship between water consumption and the presence of gastrointestinal diseases. It is recommended to implement health and educational strategies to improve water quality, access, and treatment in the community.
References
Samal, K. P., & Tarai, A. K. (2025). Assessment of water quality in the piped water supply system by using Water Quality index method. F1000Research, 13, 1286. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.156276.3
Naciones Unidas. Resumen actualizado de 2021 sobre los progresos en el ODS 6: agua y saneamiento para todos [Internet]. Ginebra - Suiza; 2021. Disponible en: https://www.unwater.org/sites/default/files/app/uploads/2021/12/SDG-6-Summary-Progress-Update-2021_Version-July-2021_SP.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Agua para consumo humano [sede Web]. Ginebra - Suiza: OMS; 2023 [actualizado en setiembre de 2023; acceso en agosto de 2025]. [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water
Levin, R., Villanueva, C. M., Beene, D., Cradock, A. L., Donat-Vargas, C., Lewis, J., Martinez-Morata, I., Minovi, D., Nigra, A. E., Olson, E. D., Schaider, L. A., Ward, M. H., & Deziel, N. C. (2024). US drinking water quality: exposure risk profiles for seven legacy and emerging contaminants. Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 34(1), 3–22. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-023-00597-z
Alemeshet Asefa, Y., Alemu, B. M., Baraki, N., Mekbib, D., & Mengistu, D. A. (2021). Bacteriological quality of drinking water from source and point of use and associated factors among households in Eastern Ethiopia. PloS one, 16(10), e0258806. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34653216/
Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Iinformatica. Perú: Formas de Acceso al Agua y Saneamiento Básico [Internet]. Lima - Perú; 2020. Disponible en: https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/boletin_agua_junio2020.pdf
Zhang, H., Xia, Y., Chang, Q., Zhang, X., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Association between water source and chronic gastrointestinal diseases in Chinese: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Frontiers in public health, 10, 992462. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9685615/
Del Puerto Rodriguez A, Rojas C, Iglesias A. Calidad del agua y enfermedades de transmision digestiva. Revista cubana de medicina general integral. Rev Cuba Med Gen Integr [Internet]. 1999;15(5):495-502. Disponible en: https://www.imbiomed.com.mx/articulo.php?id=9690
Zavala Muñoz JM. Evaluación del impacto del acceso al agua de calidad sobre la prevalencia de enfermedades diarreicas agudas, infecciones respiratorias agudas y anemia en la salud infantil en el Perú: un enfoque probit bivariado [tesis de maestría]. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú; 2022. Disponible en: https://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/items/de09f867-9a53-4f5c-9f72-1237be7edecf
Chavez A. Calidad del agua y su relación con las enfermedades gastrointestinales en el centro poblado de Pamashto – Lamas 2022 [tesis titulaciòn]. Universidad Peruana Unión; 2023. [Internet]. Disponible en: https://repositorio.upeu.edu.pe/items/8842a105-db13-46f0-8ce5-317ac3e1f976
Shayo, G. M., Elimbinzi, E., & Shao, G. N. (2024). Water-based technologies for improving water quality at the point of use: A review. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology, 16(1), e1940. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38456325/
Alabi, O. S., Akintayo, I., Odeyemi, J. S., Oloche, J. J., Babalola, C. M., Nwimo, C., Popoola, O., Mogeni, O. D., Marks, F., & Okeke, I. N. (2024). Suboptimal Bacteriological Quality of Household Water in Municipal Ibadan, Nigeria. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 110(2), 346–355. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38167625/
Dongdem, A. Z., Sarfo, B., Addo-Lartey, A., Adjei, D. N., Boateng, G., Takramah, W., Afetor, M., Ababio, G., Kye-Duodu, G., Offei, B. K., Owusu-Agyei, S., & Anto, F. (2025). Bacteriological quality of household drinking water and cholera risk in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. The Pan African medical journal, 50, 39. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353121/
Ondieki, J. K., Akunga, D. N., Warutere, P. N., & Kenyanya, O. (2022). Socio-demographic and water handling practices affecting quality of household drinking water in Kisii Town, Kisii County, Kenya. Heliyon, 8(5), e09419. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35600434/
Hernández R, Mendoza C. Metodología de la investigación: las rutas cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta. Ciudad de México-México: McGraw-Hill Education; 2023. 752 p.
Singh G, Garg V. Biostatistics and Research Methodology. Bhopal: Academic Guru Publishing House; 2023. 318 p.
Polit D, Tatano CH. Investigación en enfermería. Fundamentos para el uso de la evidencia en la practica de la enfermería. 9aed. Madrid - España: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2021. 512 p.
World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950
Hernández-Hernández F, Verdesoto-Galeas ED, Garrido-Palacios JE, Escobar-Terán H, Guamán-Gómez VD. Bioestadística aplicada a las ciencias de la salud. Guayaquil: Editorial Binario; 2024.
Daniel W, Cross Ch. Biostatistics a foundation for analysis in the health Sciences. 10a ed. Estados Unidos: Wiley; 2019. 695 p.
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The Belmont Report: ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Washington (DC): U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1979. Disponible en: https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/read-the-belmont-report/index.html
World Medical Association. WMA Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. World Medical Association [revista en Internet] 2024 [acceso 18 de Abril de 2024]; 20(59): 1-15 [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/
Busquets-Alibés E, Cambra-Badii I, Baños JE, Terribas-Sala N, editores. Bioethics: Foundations, Applications and Future Challenges. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2023. 214 p.
Salam, M., Bo, D., Alam, F., Uddin, I., Hossain, M. N., Hayat, F., & Ullah, W. (2024). Examining drinking water quality: analysis of physico-chemical properties and bacterial contamination with health implications for Shangla district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Environmental geochemistry and health, 46(6), 209. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38814487/
Ramos-Hernández MJ. Calidad del agua de consumo humano y enfermedades diarreicas agudas en el Puesto de Salud Nuevo Jerusalén, de un distrito de la Amazonía peruana [tesis licenciatura]. Lima-Perú: Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana; 2020. Disponible en: http://repositorio.unapiquitos.edu.pe/handle/20.500.12737/6936
Cueva RE. Calidad bacteriológica del agua para consumo humano y su relación con las enfermedades gastrointestinales en la localidad de Shancayan - Huaraz [tesis licenciatura]. Lima-Perú: Universidad Nacional Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo; 2018. Disponible en: http://repositorio.unasam.edu.pe/handle/UNASAM/2673
Espinoza KS, Gonzales LM. Factores de riesgo asociados a enfermedades diarreicas agudas en pobladores de un asentamiento humano [tesis licenciatura]. Lima-Perú: Universidad Norbert Wiener; 2022. Disponible en: https://repositorio.uwiener.edu.pe/handle/20.500.13053/7258
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
